COVID-19 Outbreak Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) by Country

The list below shows when countries implemented Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) by date. The current NPIs are taken from Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Pan American Health Association

COVID-19 Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions:

1. Ferguson et al. (2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
   1. Shen et al. (2020). Review of Ferguson et al “Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions...”.
2. Chang et al. (2020). Modelling transmission and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney. Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
3. Heyman & Shindo. (2020). COVID-19: what is next for public health? The Lancet. on behalf of theWHO Scientific and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards. Published:February 13, 2020 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30374-3
4. Chi Chiu Leung Tai Hing Lam Kar Keung Cheng. (2020). Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. The Lancet. Published:March 03, 2020 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30520-1
5. Lai et al. (2020) Effect of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak. World Population.
6. Zhou, C. (2020). Evaluating new evidence in the early dynamics of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China with real time domestic traffic and potential asymptomatic transmissions. medRxiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.15.20023440
7. Cowling et al. (2020). Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. MedRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.12.20034660
8. Euro Surveill. (2020). Latest updates on COVID-19 from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Eurosurveillance editorial team. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). 2020 Feb 13; 25(6): 2002131. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2002131
9. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2020). Preparing for large-scale community transmission of COVID-19 : guidance for countries and areas in the WHO Western Pacific Region. WPRO IRIS. URI http://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/14493
10. Euro Surveill. (2020). Updated rapid risk assessment from ECDC on the outbreak of COVID-19: increased transmission globally. Eurosurveillance editorial team. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.9.2003051
11. Wang et al. (2020). Evolving Epidemiology and Impact of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions on the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. medRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030593
12. Bayham & Fenichel. (2020). The Impact of School Closure for COVID-19 on the US Healthcare Workforce and the Net Mortality Effects. MedRixv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033415
13. Zhang et al. (2020). The impact of social distancing and epicenter lockdown on the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China: A data-driven SEIQR model study. MedRixv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.04.20031187
14. Prem et al. (2020). The effect of control strategies that reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China. MidRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033050
15. Wilder-Smith & Freedman. (2020). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, Volume 27, Issue 2, March 2020, taaa020, https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020
16. Cowling & Aiello. (2020). Public health measures to slow community spread of COVID-19. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, jiaa123, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa123
17. Stein. (2020). The 2019 coronavirus: Learning curves, lessons, and the weakest link. The International Journal of Clinical Practice. First published:13 February 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13488

COVID-19 Responds Time:

1. Maslov & Goldenfeld. (2020). Flattening the curve fails unless done very early: resu. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing:

1. Ferretti et al. (2020). Quantifying dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests that epidemic control and avoidance is feasible through instantaneous digital contact tracing. MedRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.08.20032946

COVID-19 Transmission Rate:

1. Poirier et al. (2020). The Role of Environmental Factors on Transmission Rates of the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Initial Assessment in Two Spatial Scales. SSRN.
2. Peak et al. (2020). Modeling the Comparative Impact of Individual Quarantine vs. Active Monitoring of Contacts for the Mitigation of COVID-19. MedRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.05.20031088
3. Hilton & Keeling. (2020). Estimation of country-level basic reproductive ratios for novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) using synthetic contact matrices. MedRxiv.
4. Lover & McAndrew. (2020). Sentinel Event Surveillance to Estimate Total SARS-CoV-2 Infections, United States. MedRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037648
5. Yang et al. (2020). Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus 2019 infection and preventive measures in Shenzhen China: a heavy population city. MedRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.28.20028555
6. Zhan et al. (2020). Modelling and Prediction of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Spreading in China Incorporating Human Migration Data. SSRN.

COVID-19 Imported Cases:

1. CHong et al. (2020). Transmissibility of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Chinese cities with different transmission dynamics of imported cases. MedRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.15.20036541

COVID-19 and School Closure:

1. Di Domenico et al. (2020). Expected impact of school closure and telework to mitigate COVID-19 epidemic in France. EPIcx Lab (Epidemics in complex environments).

COVID-19 Mobilising Heath Care Workforce:

1. Willan et al. (2020). Challenges for NHS hospitals during covid-19 epidemic. BMJ 2020; 368 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1117 (Published 20 March 2020)

COVID-2019 Psychological Support:

1. Everett et al. (2020). The effectiveness of moral messages on public health behavioral intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. psyarxiv.
2. Costa. (2020). THE CAUSE OF PANIC AT THE OUTBREAK OF COVID-19 IN SOUTH AFRICA – A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH SIMILAR OUTBREAK IN CHINA AND NEW YORK. africarxiv.
3. Long. (2020. From social distancing to social containment: reimagining sociality for the coronavirus pandemic. Medicine Anthropology Theory. ISSN 2405-691X (Submitted)

COVID-19 and Social Media:

1. Depoux et al. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak. Centre Virchow-Villerme, Paris, France, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

COVID-19 Economic Impact:

1. Yu & Aviso. (2020). Modelling the Economic Impact and Ripple Effects of Disease Outbreaks. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability. Published: 10 March 2020.

other papers

1. Hu H, Nigmatulina K, Eckhoff P. (2013). The scaling of contact rates with population density for the infectious disease models. Math Biosci. 2013 Aug;244(2):125-34. doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2013.04.013. Epub 2013 May 9.

Country	Personal Protective Measures							Community NPIs							Environmental NPIs
	Voluntary home isolation	Compulsory home isolation (not CDC)	Respiratory etiquette	Hand hygiene	Voluntary Home Quarantine	Compulsory Home Quarantine (not CDC)	Use of Face Masks in Community Settings	Social Distancing Measures for Schools	Social Distancing Measures for Workplaces	Social Distancing Measures Mass Gatherings	School Closures and Dismissals	Selective school closures and dismissals	Reactive school closures and dismissals	Closing of Non-Essential Businesses (not CDC)	Environmental Surface Cleaning Measures
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
The Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgeria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cape Verde
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
The Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, North
Korea, South
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar (Burma)
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
North Macedonia
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Sudan, South
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe